- Titanium Dioxide nanoparticles
- Sunscreens

Titanium Dioxide nanoparticles

• Adams, L.K., Lyon, D.Y., and Alvarez, P.J.J. (November 2006). Comparative eco-toxicity of nanoscale TiO2, SiO2, and ZnO water suspensions. Water Research, 40(19): 3527-3532. Article.
• Afaq, F., Abidi, P., Matin, R., Rahman, Q. (1998). Cytotoxicity, prooxidant effects and antioxidant depletion in rat lung alveolar macrophages exposed to ultra-fine titanium dioxide. Applied Toxicology, 18, 307-312.
• Ashwood, P., Thompson, R.P.H., Powell, J.J. (2007). Fine Particles That Adsorb Lipopolysaccharide Via Bridging Calcium Cations May Mimic Bacterial Pathogenicity Towards Cells. Experimental Biology and Medicine, 232:107-117. Article
• Baggs, R. B., Fern, J., Gelein, R., Soderholm, S. C., Finkelsstein, J. (1997). Regression of pulmonary lesions produced by inhaled titanium dioxide in rats. Veterinary Pathology, 34, 592-597.
• Baveye, P; Laba, M. (April 2008). Aggregation and toxicology of titanium dioxide nanoparticles. Environmental health perspectives, 116(4): A152-A152. Correspondence
• Beck-Speier, I., Dayal, N., Karg, E., Maier, K. L., Roth, C., Ziesenis, A., & Heyder, J. (2001). Agglomerates of ultrafine particles of elemental carbon and Ti02 induce generation of lipid mediators in alveolar macrophages. Environmental Health Perspectives, 109(4), 613-618.
• Bermudez, E., Mangum, J. B., Asgharian, B., et al. (2002). Long-term pulmonary responses of three laboratory rodent species to subchronic inhalation of pigmentary titanium dioxide particles. Toxicological Sciences, 70, 86-97.
• Bermudez, E., Mangum, J. S., Wong, B. A., Asgharian, B., Hext, P. M., Warheit, D. B., Everitt, J. I. (2004). Pulmonary responses of mice, rats, and hamsters to subchronic inhalation of ultrafine titanium dioxide particles. Toxicological Sciences, 77, 347-357.
• Chen, LX; Sabatini, DA; Kibbey, TCG. (March 2008). Role of the Air–Water Interface in the Retention of TiO2 Nanoparticles in Porous Media during Primary Drainage. Environmental science & technology, 42(6), 1916–1921. Abstract
• Chen, J.L., Fayerweather, W.E., (1988). Epidemiologic study of workers exposed to titanium dioxide, Journal of Occupational Medicine. Official Publication of the Industrial Medical Association. 30: 937-942.
• Churg, A., Stevens, B., Wright, J. (1998). Comparison of the uptake of fine and ultrafine TiO2 in a tracheal explant system. American Journal of Physiology, 274, L81-L86.
• Duffin, R., Tran, L. and Brown, D. (January 2007). Proinflammogenic Effects of Low-Toxicity and Metal Nanoparticles In Vivo and In Vitro: Highlighting the Role of Particle Surface Area and Surface Reactivity. Inhalation Toxicology, 19(10): 849 - 856. Abstract
• Dunford, R., Salinaro, A., Cai, L., Serpone, N., Horikoshi, S., Hidaka, H., Knowland, J. (1997). Chemical oxidation and DNA damage catalyzed by inorganic sunscreen ingredients. FEBS Letters, 418, 97-90.
• Engineered Nanoparticles: Review of Health and Environmental Safety (ENRHES). (2010, January). Edinburgh Napier University, Institute of Occupational Medicine (ION), Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Institute for Health and Consumer Protection of the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC), and the Institute of Nanotechnology (IoN). Final Report
• Fabian, E; Landsiedel, R; Ma-Hock, L. et al. (March 2008). Tissue distribution and toxicity of intravenously administered titanium dioxide nanoparticles in rats. Archives of toxicology, 82(3): 151-157 . Abstract
• Federici, G., Shaw, B.J., Handy, R.D. (October 2007). Toxicity of titanium dioxide nanoparticles to rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss): Gill injury, oxidative stress, and other physiological effects. Aquatic Toxicology, 84 (4): 415-430.
• Gatti, AM; Kirkpatrick, J; Gambarelli, A. et al. (April 2008). ESEM evaluations of muscle/nanoparticles interface in a rat model. Journal of materials science, 19(4): 1515-1522. Abstract
• Gerloff, K., Albrecht, C., Boots, A. W., Foumlrster, I., Schins, R. P. F.(2009). Cytotoxicity and oxidative DNA damage by nanoparticles in human intestinal Caco-2 cells. Nanotoxicology, 3(4): 355-364. Abstract
• Grassian, VH; O'Shaughnessy, PT; Adamcakova-Dodd, A. et al. (April 2008). Titanium dioxide nanoparticles: Grassian et al respond. Environmental health perspectives, 116(4): A152-A153. Correspondence
• Grassian, V.H., Adamcakova-Dodd, A., Pettibone, J.M. et al. (September 2007). Inflammatory response of mice to manufactured titanium dioxide nanoparticles: Comparison of size effects through different exposure routes. Nanotoxicology, 1(3): 211-226. Article
• Grassian, V.H., O’Shaughnessy, P.T., Adamcakova-Dodd, Q., Pettibone, J.M., Thorne, P.S. (March 2007). Inhalation Exposure Study of Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles with a Primary Particle Size of 2 to 5 nm. Environ Health Perspect, 115(3): 397–402. Article.
• Handy, RD; Owen, R; Valsami-Jones, E. (July 2008). The ecotoxicology of nanoparticles and nanomaterials: current status, knowledge gaps, challenges, and future needs. Ecotoxicology, 17(5): 315-447. Abstract
• Heinlaan, M., Ivask, A., et al. (2008). Toxicity of nanosized and bulk ZnO, CuO and TiO2 to bacteria Vibrio fischeri and crustaceans Daphnia magna and Thamnocephalus platyurus. Chemosphere, 71 (7): 1308-1316. Abstract
• Heinrich, U., Fuhst, R., Rittinghausen, S., Creutzenberg, O., Bellmann, B., Koch, W., & Levsen, K. (1995). Chronic inhalation exposure of Wistar rats and two different strains of mice to diesel engine exhaust, carbon black and titanium dioxide. Inhalation Toxicology, 7: 533-556.
• Hsu, L.Y. and Chein, H.M. (January 2007). Evaluation of nanoparticle emission for TiO2 nanopowder coating materials. Journal of Nanoparticle Research, 9,1: 157-163. Abstract.
• Hund-Rinke, K., Simon, M. (2006). Ecotoxic Effect of Photocatalytic Active Nanoparticles (TiO2) on Algae and Daphnids (8 pp). Environmental science and pollution research international, 13, Nr.4: 225-232 Abstract.
• Kong, SJ; Kim, BM; Lee, YJ; Chung, HW. (June 2008). Titanium dioxide nanoparticles trigger p53-mediated damage response in peripheral blood lymphocytes. Environmental and molecular mutagenesis, 49(5): 399-405. Abstract
• Kuhn, K. P., Chaberny, I. F., Massholder, K., Stickler, M., Benz, V. W., Sonntag, H. G. & Erdinger, L. (2003). Disinfection of surfaces by photocatalytic oxidation with titanium dioxide and UVA light. Chemosphere, 53, 71-77.
• Lazou, B., Jorly, J., On, D. et al. (December 2008). In vitro effects of nanoparticles on renal cells. Particle and Fibre Toxicology, 5:22. Abstract.
• Lee, K.P., Trochomowicz, & Reinhardt, C. F. (1985). Pulmonary response of rats exposed to titanium dioxide (TiO2) by inhalation for two years. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 79, 179-192.
• Li, SQ; Zhu, H; Zhu, RR. et al. (April 2008). Impact and mechanism of TiO2 nanoparticles on DNA synthesis in vitro. Science in China Series B - Chemistry, 51(4): 367-372.
• Li, J.A., Li, Q.N., Xu, J.Y. et al. (November 2007). Comparative study on the acute pulmonary toxicity induced by 3 and 20 nm TiO2 primary particles in mice. Environmental toxicology and pharmacology, 24 (3): 239-244.
• Long, T.C., Tajuba, J., Sama, P. et al. (November 2007). Nanosize Titanium Dioxide Stimulates Reactive Oxygen Species in Brain Microglia and Damages Neurons in Vitro. Environmental Health Perspectives, 115(11): 1631-1637. Abstract.
• Long, T.C., Saleh, N., Tilton, R.D., Lowry, G.V., and Veronesi, B. (2006). Titanium Dioxide (P25) Produces Reactive Oxygen Species in Immortalized Brain Microglia (BV2): Implications for Nanoparticle Neurotoxicity. Environmental Science and Technology, 40 (14), 4346 -4352. Abstract
• Lovern, S.B., Strickler, J.R. and Klaper, R. (June 2007). Behavioral and Physiological Changes in Daphnia magna when Exposed to Nanoparticle Suspensions (Titanium Dioxide, Nano-C60, and C60HxC70Hx). Environ. Sci. Technol., 41(12): 4465-4470 Abstract
• Lovern, S.B. & Klaper, R. (2006). Daphnia Magna mortality when exposed to titanium dioxide and fullerene (C60) nanoparticles. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 25(4): 1132-1137. Abstract
• Lu, P. J., Ho, I. C., Lee, T. C. (1998). Induction of sister chromatid exchanges and micronuclei by titanium dioxide in Chinese hamster ovary-K1 cells. Mutation Research, 414, 15-20.
• Maness, P. C., Smolinksi, S., Blake, D. M., Huang, Z. Wolfrum, E. J. & Jacoby, W. A. (1999). Bactericial activity of photocatalytic TiO2 reaction: toward an understanding of its killing mechanism. Applied Environmental Microbiology, 65, 4094-4098.
• Moss, O.R. (2008). Insights into the health effects of nanoparticles: why numbers matter. International Journal of Nanotechnology, 5(1):3-14. Abstract
• Nakagawa, Y., Wakuri, S., Sakamoto, K., & Tanaka, N. (1997). The photogenotoxicity of titanium dioxide particles. Mutation Research, 394, 125-132.
• Nemmar, A. Vanbilloen, H., Hoyalerts, M.F., Hoet, P. H. M., Verbruggen, A., & Nemery, B. (2001). Passage of intratracheally instilled ultrafine particles from the lung into the systemic circulation in hamster. American Journal of Respiratory & Critical Care Medicine, 164: 1665-1668.
• Powell, J.J., Harvey, R.S.J., Ashwood, P. (2000). Immune Potentiation of Ultrafine Dietary Particles in Normal Subjects and Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Journal of Autoimmunity, 14(1): 99-105.
• Radomski, A., Jurasz, P., Alonso-Escalano, D., Drews, J., Morandi, M., Malinski, T., & Radomski, M.W. (2005). Nanoparticle-induced platelet aggregation and vascular thrombosis. British Journal of Pharmacology, 146: 882-893.
• Rahman, Q., Lohani, M., Dopp, Elke, Pemsel, H, Jonas, L. Weiss, D. G., & Shiffmann, D. (2002). Evidence that ultrafine titanium dioxide induces micronuclei and apoptosis in Syrian hamster embryo fibroblasts. Environmental Health Perspectives, 110(8), 797-800.
• Reeves, James F.; Davies, Simon J.; Dodd, Nicholas J. F.; Jha, Awadhesh N. (April 2008). Hydroxyl radicals ((OH)-O-center dot) are associated with titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticle-induced cytotoxicity and oxidative DNA damage in fish cells. Mutation research, 640 (1-2): 113-122.
• Reisch, M. S. (March 2003). Essential minerals: Workhorse pigment titanium dioxide is also the stuff that dreams are made of. Chemical & Engineering News, 13-14.
• Reijnders, L. (March 2008). Hazard reduction for the application of titania nanoparticles in environmental technology. Journal of hazardous materials, 152(1):440-5. Abstract
• Renwick, L. C., Donaldson, K., & Clouter, A. (2001). Impairment of alveolar macrophage phagocytosis by ultrafine particles. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 172, 119-127.
• Renwick, L. C., Brown, D., Clouter, A., & Donaldson, K. (2004). Increased inflammation and altered macrophage chemotactic responses caused by two ultrafine particle types. Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 61: 442-447.
• Rincon, A. G. & Pulgarin, C. (2003). Photocatalytic inactivation of E. coli: effect of (continuous-intermittent) light intensity and of (suspended-fixed) TiO2 concentration. Applied Catalyis B-Environmental, 44, 263-284.
• Rothen-Rutishauser, B; Muller, L; Blank, F. et al. (2008). A newly developed in vitro model of the human epithelial airway barrier to study the toxic potential of nanoparticles. Altex-Alternativen Zu Tierexperimenten, 25(3): 191-196.
• Sayes, C.M. and Warheit, D.B. (2008). An in vitro investigation of the differential cytotoxic responses of human and rat lung epithelial cell lines using TiO2 nanoparticles. International Journal of Nanotechnology, 5(1):15-29. Abstract
• SCCP (Scientific Committee on Consumer Products), UE. (June 2007). Preliminary Opinon on Safety of nanomaterials in cosmetic products. Report
• Singh, S., Shi, T.M., Duffin, R. et al. (July 2007). Endocytosis, oxidative stress and IL-8 expression in human lung epithelial cells upon treatment with fine and ultrafine TiO2: Role of the specific surface area and of surface methylation of the particles. Toxicology And Applied Pharmacology, 222 (2): 141-151. Article
• Soto, K.F., Carrasco, A., Powell, T.G., Garza, K.M., and Murr, L.E. (2005). Comparative in vitro cytotoxicity assessment of some manufactured nanoparticulate materials characterized by transmission electron microscopy. Journal of Nanoparticle Research, 7: 145-169. Abstract
• Takenaka, S. Dornhofer-Takenaka, H., & Muhle, H. (1986) Alveolar distribution of fly ash and of titanium dioxide after long-term inhalation by Wistar rats. Journal of Aerosol Science, 17: 361-364.
• Trouiller, B., Reliene, R., Westbrook, A., Solaimani, P., Schiestl, R. (2009). Titanium dioxide nanoparticles induce DNA damage and genetic instability in vivo in mice Cancer Research, 69(22: 8784-8789.
• VanWinkle, B. A., De Messy Bently, K. L., Malecki, J. M., Gunter, K. K., Evans, I. M., Elder, A., Finkelstein, J. N., Oberdorster, G., Gunter, T. E.(2009). Nanoparticle (NP) uptake by type I alveolar epithelial cells and their oxidant stress response.Nanotoxicology, 3(4): 307-318. Abstract
• Vinardell, M. (2005). In vitro cytotoxicity of nanoparticles in mammalian germ-line stem cell. Toxicological Sciences, 88(2): 285-286.   Abstract
• Vevers, WF; Jha, AN. (July 2008). Genotoxic and cytotoxic potential of titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles on fish cells in vitro. Ecotoxicology, 17(5): 410-420. Abstract
• Wang, J.X., Zhou, G.Q., Chen, C.Y. et al. (January 2007). Acute toxicity and biodistribution of different sized titanium dioxide particles in mice after oral administration. Toxicology Letters, 168 (2): 176-185.
• Warheit, D.B., Webb, T.R., Sayes, C.M., Colvin, V.L. & Reed, K.L. (2006). Pulmonary instillation studies with nanoscale TiO2 rods and dots in rats. Toxicological Sciences. Prepublication online. Abstract
• - NEW - Zhu, X., Chang, Y., and Chen, Y. (2010). Toxicity and bioaccumulation of TiO2 nanoparticle aggregates in Daphnia magna Chemosphere , 78: 209-215. Abstract.
• - NEW - Zhu, X., Wang, J., Zhang, X., Chang, Y., and Chen, Y. (2010). Trophic transfer of TiO2 nanoparticles from daphnia to zebrafish in a simplified freshwater food chain Chemosphere , 79(9): 928-933. Abstract.

Sunscreens

• Australian Government, (2006). A Review of the Scientific Literature on the Safety of Nanoparticulate Titanium Dioxide or Zinc Oxide in Sunscreens. Department of Health and Ageing, Therapeutic Goods Administration.  Report-PDF
• Bahnemann, D. W., Kholuiskaya, S. N., Dillert, R., Kulak, A. I., & Kokorin, A. I. (2002). Photodestruction of dichloroacetic acid catalyzed by nano-sized TiO2 particles. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 36(2), 161-169.
• Barker, P.J., Branch, A. (May 2008). The interaction of modern sunscreen formulations with surface coatings. Progress in organic coatings, 62(3): 313-320. Abstract
• Dunford, R., Salinaro, A., Cai, L., Serpone, N., Horikoshi, S., Hidaka, H., Knowland, J. (1997). Chemical oxidation and DNA damage catalyzed by inorganic sunscreen ingredients. FEBS Letters, 418, 97-90.
• Friends of the Earth USA. (August 2007). Nanoparticles and Sunscreens: A Consumer Guide for Avoiding Nano Sunscreens.Link to Website and Report
• Friends of the Earth Report. Nanomaterials, Sunscreens and Cosmetics: Small Ingredients, Big Risks. (2006, May). Link to Website and Report
• Hidaka, H., Horikoshi, S., Serpone, N., & Knowland, J. (1997). In vitro photochemical damage to DNA, RNA and their bases by an inorganic sunscreen agent on exposure to UVA and UVB radiation.Journal of photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry, 111(1-3), 205-213.
• Gulston, M. & Knowland, J. (1999) Illumination of human keratinocytes in the presence of the sunscreen ingredient padimate-O and through an SPF-15 sunscreen reduces direct photodamage to DNA but increases strand breaks, Mutation Research, 444, 49-60.
• Nohynek, G.J., Lademann, J., Ribaud, C., Roberts, M.S. (March 2007). Grey Goo on the Skin? Nanotechnology, Cosmetic and Sunscreen Safety. Critical Reviews in Toxicology, 37(3): 251 - 277. Abstract
• Ricci, A., Chretien, M.N., Maretti, L. & Scaino, J. C. (2003). TiO2-promoted mineralization of organic sunscreens in water suspension and sodium dodecyl sulfate micelles. Photochemistry and Photobiology, 2, 487-492.
• Rossatto, V., Picatonotto, T., Vione, D. & Carlotti, M.E. (2003). Behavior of some rheological modifiers used in cosmetics under photocatalytic conditions. Journal of Dispersion Science & Technology, 24, 259-271.
• Rushton, E. K., Oberdorster, G., & Finkelstein, J. (2005). Nanoparticles are capable of producing reactive oxygen species, upregulation of inflammatory cytokine expression and causing increased cytotoxicity. Paper presented at the 2nd International Symposium on Nanotechnology and Occupational Health. Oct. 3-6, Minneapolis, MN.
• Soto, K.F., Carrasco, A., Powell, T.G., Garza, K.M., and Murr, L.E. (2005). Comparative in vitro cytotoxicity assessment of some manufactured nanoparticulate materials characterized by transmission electron microscopy. Journal of Nanoparticle Research, 7: 145-169. Abstract

Last updated May 2010 - Maria Powell