- Australian Government. (2006). A Review of the Scientific Literature on the Safety of Nanoparticulate Titanium Dioxide or Zinc Oxide in Sunscreens. Department of Health and Ageing, Therapeutic Goods Administration. Report
- Baroli, B., Ennas, M.G., Loffredo, F., Isola, M., Pinna, R. and López-Quintela, M.A. (March 2007). Penetration of Metallic Nanoparticles in Human Full-Thickness Skin. Journal of Investigative Dermatology. Abstract
- Chun JY, Kang HK, Jeong L, Kang YO, Oh JE, Yeo IS, Jung SY, Park WH, Min BM. (2010). Epidermal cellular response to poly(vinyl alcohol) nanofibers containing silver nanoparticles.
Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces. , 78(2):334-42. PMID: 20399628. Abstract
- Ding, L., Stilwell, J., Zhang, T., Elboudwarej, O., Jiang, H., Selegue, J. P., Cooke, P. A., Gray, J. W. & Chen, F. F. (2005). Molecular characterization of the cytotoxic mechanism of multiwall carbon nanotubes and nano-onions on human skin fibroblast. Nano Letters, 5(12): 2448- 2464. Abstract
- Gopee, N.V., Roberts, D.W., Webb, P. et al. (2007). Migration of Intradermally Injected Quantum Dots to Sentinel Organs in Mice. Toxicological Sciences, 98(1):249-257. Abstract.
- Hagedorn-Leweke, U. & Lippold, B. C. (1998). Accumulation of sunscreens and other compounds in keratinous substrates. European Journal of Pharmacy & Biopharmacy, 46: 215-221.
- Huczko, A., & Lange, H. (1999). Fullerenes: experimental evidence for a null risk of skin irritation and allergy. Fullerene Science & Technology, 7: 935-939.
- Jenkinson, H. A. (1997). Contact dermatitis in a chimney sweep. Contact Dermatitis, 37: 35.
- - NEW - Korani M, Rezayat SM, Gilani K, Arbabi Bidgoli S, Adeli S. (2011). Acute and subchronic dermal toxicity of nanosilver in guinea pig. International Journal of Nanomedicine.6:855-62., PMID: 21720498. Abstract.
- Kocbek, P., Teska?, K., Kreft, M. E., Kristl, J. (2010). Toxicological Aspects of Long-Term Treatment of Keratinocytes with ZnO and TiO2 Nanoparticles. Small, 6(17): 1908-1917, DOI: 10.1002/smll.201000032. Abstract
- Lachapelle, J. M. (2002). Occupational airborne skin diseases. In Handbook of Occupational Dermatology. (Eds. J. Kanerva, P. Elsner, J. E. Wahlberg, and H. I. Maibach). Berlin: Springer-Verlag.
- Larese FF, D'Agostin F, Crosera M, et al. (January 2009). Human skin penetration of silver nanoparticles through intact and damaged skin. Toxicology, 255(1-2):33-7. Abstract
- Monteiro-Riviere, N. A., Inman, A.O. (2006). Challenges for assessing carbon nanomaterial toxicity to the skin. Carbon, 44: 1070–1078
- Monteiro-Riviere, N. A., Nemanich, R. J., Inman, A. O., Wang, Y. Y. & Riviere, J.E. (2005). Multi-walled carbon nanotube interactions with human epidermal keratinocytes. Toxicology Letters, 155, 377-384.
- Moriguchi, T., Yano, K., Hokari, S., & Sonda, M. (1999). Effect of repeated application of C60 combined with UVA radiation onto hairless mouse back skin. Fullerene Science and Technology, 7(2): 195-209.
- Muller, R. H., Radtke, M. & Wissing, S.A. (2002). Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) and nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) in cosmetic and dermatological preparations. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews, 54(1): S131-S155.
- Murray AR, Kisin E, Leonard SS, Young SH, Kommineni C, Kagan VE, Castranova V, Shvedova AA. (2010). Oxidative stress and inflammatory response in dermal toxicity of single-walled carbon nanotubes. Toxicology, 257(3):161-71. Abstract.
- - NEW - Nabeshi, H., Yoshikawa, T., Matsuyama, K., Nakazato, Y., Matsuo, K., Arimori, A., Isobe, M., Tochigi, S., Kondoh, S., Hirai, T., Akase, T., Yamashita, T., Yamashita, K., Yoshida, T., Nagano, K., Abe, Y., Yoshioka, Y., Kamada, H., Imazawa, T., Itoh, N., Nakagawa, S., Mayumi, T., Tsunoda, S., Tsutsumi, Y. (2011). Systemic distribution, nuclear entry and cytotoxicity of amorphous nanosilica following topical application. Biomaterials, 32(11): 2713-2724. Abstract.
- NanoDerm. (2007). Quality of Skin as a Barrier to ultra-fine Particles. Report
- Nelson, M. A. Bomann, F. E., Bowden, G. T., Hooser, S. B. & Fernando, Q. (1993). Effects of acute and subchronic exposure of topically applied fullerene extracts on the mouse skin. Toxicology and Industrial Health, 9(4): 623-630.
- Nohynek, G.J., Lademann, J., Ribaud, C., Roberts, M.S. (March 2007). Grey Goo on the Skin? Nanotechnology, Cosmetic and Sunscreen Safety. Critical Reviews in Toxicology, 37(3): 251 - 277. Abstract
- - NEW - Tarl W. Prow, Nancy A. Monteiro-Riviere, Alfred O. Inman, Jeffrey E. Grice, Xianfeng Chen, Xin Zhao, Washington H. Sanchez, Audrey Gierden, Mark A. F. Kendall, Andrei V. Zvyagin, Detlev Erdmann, Jim E. Riviere & Michael S. Roberts (2011). Quantum dot penetration into viable human skin, Nanotoxicology, Online ahead of print, doi:10.3109/17435390.2011.569092. Abstract.
- Ryman-Rasmussen, J.P., Riviere, J.E., and Monteiro-Riviere, N.A. (August 2006). Surface Coatings Determine Cytotoxicity and Irritation Potential of Quantum Dot Nanoparticles in Epidermal Keratinocytes. Journal of Investigative Dermatology, Abstract. Article
- Rouse, J.G., Yang, J., Ryman-Rasmussen, J.P., Barron, A.R. and Monteiro-Riviere, N.A. (December 2006). Effects of Mechanical Flexion on the Penetration of Fullerene Amino Acid-Derivatized Peptide Nanoparticles through Skin. Nano Letters.
- Ryman-Rassmussen, J.P., Riviere, J.E. & Monteiro-Riviere, N.A. (2006). Penetration of intact skin by quantum dots with diverse physiochemical properties. Toxicological Sciences. Prepublication online. Abstract
- Samberg, M. E., Oldenburg, S. J., Monteiro-Riviere, N. A. (2010). Evaluation of Silver Nanoparticle Toxicity in Skin in Vivo and Keratinocytes in Vitro
Environmental Health Perspectives. , 118(3): 407-413, doi:10.1289/ehp.0901398. Article.
- Schulz, J., Hohenberg, H., Pflucker, F., Gartner, E., Will, T., Pfeiffer, S., Wepf, R., Wendel, V., Gergs-Barlag, H. & Wittern, K.P. (2002). Distribution of sunscreens on skin. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews, 54(1): S157-S163.
- SCCP (Scientific Committee on Consumer Products), UE. (June 2007). Preliminary Opinon on Safety of nanomaterials in cosmetic products. Report
- Scrivens, W. A. & Tour, J. M. (1994). Synthesis of 14C-Labeled C60, its suspension in water, and its uptake by human keratinocytes. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 116: 4517-4518.
- Shvedova, A. A., Castranova, V., Kisin, E. R., Schwegler-Berry, D., Murray, A. R., Gandelsman, V., Maynard, A., Baron, P. 2003. Exposure to carbon nanotubes material: Assessment of nanotube cytotoxicity using human keratinocyte cells. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A (66), 1909-1926.
- Tinkle, S. S., Antonini, J. M., Rich, B. A., Roberts, J. R., Salmen, R., DePree, K., & Adkins, E. J. (2003). Skin as a route of exposure sand sensitization in chronic beryllium disease. Environmental Health Perspectives 111(9): 1202-1208.
- Vankoningsloo S, Piret JP, Saout C, Noel F, Mejia J, Zouboulis CC, Delhalle J, Lucas S, Toussaint O. (2010). Cytotoxicity of multi-walled carbon nanotubes in three skin cellular models: effects of sonication, dispersive agents and corneous layer of reconstructed epidermis. Nanotoxicology, 4(1):84-97. PMID: 20795904. Abstract.
- Zhang LW, Monteiro-Riviere NA. (June 2008). Assessment of quantum dot penetration into intact, tape-stripped, abraded and flexed rat skin. Skin Pharmacology and Physiology, 21(3):166-80. Abstract.
- Zhang LW, Yu WW, Colvin VL, Monteiro-Riviere NA. (April 2008). Biological interactions of quantum dot nanoparticles in skin and in human epidermal keratinocytes. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol., 228(2):200-11. Abstract.
- Zhang Y, Wang B, Meng X, Sun G, Gao C. (2010). Influences of Acid-Treated Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes on Fibroblasts: Proliferation, Adhesion, Migration, and Wound Healing. Ann Biomed Eng., Epub ahead of print, PMID: 20824344. Abstract.
- Zhang, L.W., Zeng, L., Barron, A.R., Monteiro-Riviere, N.A. (March 2007). Biological Interactions of Functionalized Single-Wall Carbon Nanotubes in Human Epidermal Keratinocytes. International Journal of Toxicology, 26(2): 103-113. Article
Last updated March 2011 - Maria Powell
Thank you for the list of nanorisks for skin. I am very interested to see the potential health risk that consumer nano products such as sunscreen have on your skin. I would think that the benefits of sunscreen would outweigh the unknown health risks. I would rather be protected from skin cancer by using sunscreen. The recovery from skin cancer seems like a bigger health battle to me, than the unknown risks of nanotechnology. I think I would rather take the health risk of using sunscreen than going without it.